Term 3 Week 6 Genomics (during lockdown) - ZEBRAFISH

This week for Genomics we are learning about Zebrafish.

First we watched a video, filled in the missing words from the transcript of the video, defined new words and answered questions.  

 Next the group who were online that day (Kymani, Davlyn, Eh Htoo Wah, Wesley, Railey) created this profile of a Zebrafish.

On Friday we read through a text about Zebrafish and wrote the meanings of new words, and a summary of the main ideas in our own words.

This led us to a discussion about how cells grow over time to become a bigger fish. Miss Ashley gave the example of human development using these pictures to help explain.

You can see in this picture that when a baby is first conceived (made), it is just a bunch of cells. Over time, these bunch of cells grows different body parts. You can see in this picture that the bunch of cells grows legs, then a head, then arms, then the head starts to change shape as the brain grows etc. We talked about how after about 26 weeks the baby can survive with the help of oxygen machines at the hospital. We talked about if a baby 'comes out' at like 6 weeks, it can't survive and this is called a miscarriage. 

We also talked about how big/small the baby is at each stage of development. We used this picture to help us understand.

Here is our Zebrafish information - 

Zebrafish text: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AfZGT3Fw8xj7Mh_A0OxjRzK_qOIYHrko/view

New words: .

• Anatomy- study of the body.

• Post-fertilization  - after the boy part and girl part come together to make a baby (when the cells combine)

• Himalayas - mountain range that separates China and India

• Embryo - a group of cells that turn into a baby or egg

• Genetic - relating to your DNA

• Himalayas - A country that has a lot of Mountains

• Ganges  - a long river in India

• Organs - body parts

• Juvenile - child/teenager

•   Sections - slices  

• Stained with dyes - putting different coloured liquids onto it so you can see different parts 

• Coronal -  cutting in half vertically E.g. separating the front and the back 

• Transverse -   cutting in half horizontally, E.g. cutting the head off the body

•  Sagittal - cutting in half  vertically - E.g. cutting the left side away from the right side.

Main ideas in our own words: 

Mariah - Zebrafish live in the river in india.And zebrafish are transparent and they have fresh water.And scientists study about zebrafish.Zebrafish is 2.5cm to 4cm long. And It takes 2 to 3 days for the egg to hatch and it’s lifespan is 2 to 7 years.

• Coronal -  cutting in half vertically E.g. separating the front and the back 

• Transverse -   cutting in half horizontally, E.g. cutting the head off the body

•  Sagittal - cutting in half  vertically - E.g. cutting the left side away from the right side.

Hope -  Zebrafish is transparent and they live in Ganges river in the wild, in India where they have fresh water. Scientists study the zebrafish because they are transparent so the scientists see inside it. Zebrafish is 2.5cm to 4cm long, Embryo is the egg of the zebrafish and has three layers which are single cell,yolk and chorion. After the scientists breed about a hundred or thousands of zebrafish they kill them and look at them under a microscope to study them. It takes 2 to 3 days for an egg to hatch, the zebrafish lifespan is 2 to 7 years.

These are different kinds of cuts.

• Coronal -  cutting in half vertically E.g. separating the front and the back 

• Transverse -   cutting in half horizontally, E.g. cutting the head off the body

•  Sagittal - cutting in half  vertically - E.g. cutting the left side away from the right side.

Scientists kill the zebrafish at different ages(hour/days post fertilization). Scientists take photos of the different stages of how the organs grow. They use different kinds of dye to see different kinds of body parts and they take pictures of it to see the difference between zebrafish. 

                                               

This is a 48 year old coronal, the big round part is going to                This is a 48 transverse and the two big                  Be the body part                                                                                   circles are going to be the eyes

Zebrafish has three layers in its egg: the single cell,the yolk and the chorion. They live in India inside the Ganges river in the southern himalayas. Scientists kill the zebrafish with chemicals then cut them in 3 ways Coronal,Transverse and Sagittal. Scientists kill them in different ages (hours post fertilization). 

Michael - Zebrafish live in a river in india. And zebrafish are transparent. They live in India where there is freshwater. Scientists study zebrafish because they are transparent.  Zebrafish is 2.5cm to 4cm long. In its larval stages it is transparent and as it matures to an adult it develops stripes that run along the length of the 

body and look blue in colour. The zebrafish are called embryos; the egg has three layers: The single cell. The yolk and the protective membrane. And it takes 3 or 4 days for the egg to hatch and the zebrafish lifespan is 2 to 7 years. After scientists breed about a hundred or thousands of zebrafishes killed them and looked at them under a microscope to study them. E.g cutting the head off the body, sagittal means cutting in half and vertically E.g cutting the left side away from the right side. Different types of dye to see different body parts like

the eyes then the scientist do pictures

Davlyn - The zebrafish lives in india rivers. Scientists like studying zebrafish because they don’t take that long to hatch or take long to grow up but with humans we take long to grow up, they also like to study them because the zebrafish are transparent so the scientist see inside it. The zebrafish eggs are called embryos; the egg has three layers: the single cell, the yolk and the protective membrane. It takes 2 to 3 days for the egg to hatch and it’s lifespan is 2 to 7 years. To see the inside of the zebrafish they cut the fish to see what is inside of the zebrafish, they cut the zebrafish in 3 different ways, Coronal means cutting in half vertically E.g. separating the front and the back, Transverse means cutting in half horizontally E.g. cutting the head off the body, Sagittal means cutting in half and vertically E.g. cutting the left side away from the right side. Different types of dye to see different body parts like the eyes then the scientists takes pictures.

This is a 3 day old fish, cut in the coronal way. The top part looks like it is the brain and the bottom looks like that is going to be the tail.

this a three day old transverse cut zebrafish. The center part will become the brain the and the two holes on the side will become the eyes. 

Railey - zebrafish lives in a river in india, and they were known to be transparent/see through, and scientist study them because zebrafish don't take long grow and because they see through the egg so they didn't have to use xray and it only takes 2 to 3 days to grow or hatch an egg and they can survive for about 2 to 7 years depending of where they are. Scientist cuts them in different way to see or learn about them

These are the kind of cuts: 

• Coronal -  cutting in half vertically E.g. separating the front and the back 

• Transverse -   cutting in half horizontally, E.g. cutting the head off the body

•  Sagittal - cutting in half  vertically - E.g. cutting the left side away from the right side.

Scientists also cut them in different ages(hour/days post fertilization) and take pictures or use dye of what they look like when they grow up and how long they are or see their body part like eyes and body.

this is picture shows how a zebrafish looks when its a 3 day old fish cut in coronal way.

this is zebrafish cut in a traverse it has a length of 3.5mm

Eh Htoo - we are learning about zebrafish. They are transparent and live in India's Freshwater lakes or rivers. Scientists study them because they are transparent and reproduce fast, scientists breed hundreds and thousands of zebrafish to study them.Then Scientists kill the fish in chemicals and cut it up. If they cut it in different shapes like coronal, cutting in half vertically, separating the front and the back, transverse cutting in half horizontally, cutting the head off the body Sagittal cutting in half vertically, cutting the left side away from the right side. When they cut it it will show different parts.Scientists kill way too much of the zebrafish. 

 

These fishes are a year old and and they are cut Transverse you can see a lot of meat.

EXAMPLE

This is a 48 hour old fish, cut in the coronal way. The two big purple circles will become its eyeballs. The big red circle on the right will become its body.

This is a 12 month old fish. You can see its organs on the inside of its torso. It is fully developed with a long tail. It is cut in the coronal way.

Term 3 Week 6 (during lockdown)

 On Monday we learnt a little about linear equations.

Then we used what we did last week to make a plan for an explanation text. We added to it using Google. 

Here is our planning.

Next, the person who planned each paragraph has to write their information into a paragraph in their own words. When we put it all together, it will make a detailed explanation text.

Dawrin’s theory

• Charles Darwin was born 12 February 1809 and died 19 April 1882

• He was a scientist who studied living things. He travelled around the world on ships, studying different kinds of animals and birds. 

• Released a book in 1859 called The Origin of Species.

• His idea was that all living things originated from one common ancestor and evolved over millions and millions of years

• The idea of natural selection means that animals/organisms with desirable traits (e.g. things about them that helped them to survive, like their size, camouflage, long neck, etc) would survive and pass their traits onto their children. The ones with undesirable traits (e.g. too small, too slow, couldn’t hide, couldn’t fight back) were eaten and their traits were not passed on

• Released another book called The Descent of Man in 1871 which talks about human evolution specifically.

How animals evolved from water to live on land - EH HTOO

• Early fish started to go coles to land then after a long time the fish involved to go on land for a short time there limbs got stronger then the fish involved  to have lunges then the first amphibian like animals come about after years of evolution it was the rain of the.    

•  First had to evolve stronger rib cage, shoulders and limbs to hold up its own body weight

Hominins  - (Mariah)   (Railey)

•  Lived in Africa              

•  Had grasp

• 6 million years ago

• 130cm tall

• Weighted for about 35kg

• Hominins used to draw things in caves

• The first Hominins appeared around 3 million years ago.

• The old Hominins  lived for 5.8 million years ago

• Were bipedal

•  They have a family

• They eat hard item such as seeds and nuts

• Are close related to humans or homosapin

Homo habilis - Hope 

•  Used tools

•  Lived 2 million years ago

•  Bipedal with no grasping feet

• 3 to 4 million years ago

• Family is Hominidae

• Were only on average 4 to 3 inches tall

• 1.44 million years old

• Mark leakly discovered homo habilis

• Were flexible

• Were versatile

• Were able to eat tough food like leaves and woody plants

• Lived in small groups

• Most ancient representative of human genus

• Inhabited parts of sub saharan africa from roughly 2.4 - 1.5 million years ago

• Had several teeth in the lower jaw

• The homo habilis brain ranged in size from 550cm cubed to 687cm cubed 

• The tools made by homo habilis were made from volcanic rock cobbles 

• 
  

• Homo erectus Michael and Davlyn 

• They had Large brains.

•  They were the first to leave Africa they went into Europe/Asia.

• They had Dexterous Fingers which means they can use them.

• They are Bipedal which means they have long legs.

•  By 800,000 years ago, they used fire to cook food 

• Homo erectus is an extinct species of archaic humans from the pleistocene.

• Homo erectus Height is 1.4 to 1.8m.

• Their brain size is 550-1,250 cm

• They weight about 41 kg to 65 kg

• They are found in Africa, Aisa and perhaps Europe

• Appearance: human-like body proportions and upright stance, a protruding brow ridge, large face and no chin. Lived: from about two million years ago until at least 250,000 years ago.

Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthals) - Wesley.

• Lived in southern europe / Asia

•  Existed around 1,000,000 years ago

•  Came out of Africa 200,000 million years ago

• large nose, strong double-arched brow ridge, relatively short and stocky bodies.

• Height about 1.50-1.75m

• Neanderthals lived alongside early modern humans for at least part of their existence.

• Some modern humans have 2% neanderthal DNA 

• Neanderthals evolved in Europe and Asia while modern humans - our species, Homo sapiens - were evolving in Africa.

• Their front teeth were large, and scratch-marks show they were regularly used like a third hand when preparing food and other materials

• They are modern humans closest relatives 

• Monkeys are there closest to their relatives

• Made their own spears and flint handaxes.

• Some evidence to say they looked after their sick and buried their dead,

• They ate large mammals that they caught, some fungi (e.g. mushrooms) and some plants

•  Neanderthal - named after an area called Neander Valley in Germany where fossils were found

Homo sapien - (nitika and kymani)

•  Adaptable to different climates

• sapiens is the only surviving species of the genus Homo.

• Sapien is another human but their brains were not as smart as our brains today.

•  Lived all around the world 

• The Life span is 79 years (good Job) 

•  Interbreed with the other spe

• They are highly intelligent primate                                                                                                                       

• Homo sapiens sapiens is the name given to our species if we are considered a subspecies of a larger group. This name is used by those that describe the specimen from Herto, Ethiopia as Homo sapiens idàltu or by those who believed that modern humans and the Neanderthals were members of the same species sapiens. During a time of dramatic climate change 300,000 years ago, Homo sapiens evolved in Africa

• sapiens is the only surviving species of the genus Homo. Modern humans are sometimes called "anatomically modern humans". Homo sapiens considers itself the most influential species on the planet, but many species of life, mostly plants and protists, have had a much greater effect on the outside of Earth and its air.

• They were naked at that time cause they had no clothes and shoes 

• Male Homo sapien height is 1.7cm  female 1.6cm 

Here is our completed Explanation text.

The evolution of humans can be easily seen through their Latin translations; Hominins (man), Homo Habilis (able/handy man), Homo erectus (standing man), Homo neanderthalensis and Homo Sapian (wise man). Over millions of years these creatures changed and developed. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution explains how we got to be the modern humans we are today.

Written by Miss Ashley

Theory of evolution

Charles Darwin’s ‘theory of evolution’ was made famous in 1859 when he published his book called ‘The Origin of Species’. In this book, he talked about the idea that all living things originated from one common ancestor and evolved over millions and millions of years. He also introduced the idea of ‘natural selection’. Natural selection means that animals/organisms with desirable traits (E.g. things about them that helped them to survive, like their size, camouflage, long neck, etc) would survive and pass their traits onto their children. The ones with undesirable traits (e.g. too small, too slow, couldn’t hide, couldn’t fight back) were eaten and their traits were not passed on. His ideas were accepted by scientists around the world as he had been studying different species around the world for decades. 

Written by Miss Ashley

First land organisms

The first organisms to venture onto land (apart from plants) was around 30 million years Ago. A fish called coelacanth was one of the first to venture onto land - into a shallow marine environment. Scientists think it was either looking for food, avoiding predators or laying eggs in the shallow waters. It had to develop a stronger rib cage in order to support its body weight out of water (as in water all things are more buoyant). Over time, they also evolved lungs so they could breathe, and their fins became more boney and became strong legs which helped them move.  Years after the first amphibian-like animals came along the first one had fins and years after it had half fins and legs after a lot more years it has all legs.

Written by Eh Htoo Wah, supported by Miss Ashley

Hominins

Hominins are the earliest version of a human that we know of. For about 6 to 5 million years ago hominids/ancestors have been known to live on planet earth located in Africa. They were around 130cm tall and weighed about 35kg. Hominins used to draw things in caves.  They eat hard items or food such as seeds and nuts. Hominins are closely related to humans or homosapin. And the first hominins that step foot on Africa or New Zealand 3 million years ago. And the olds hominins live for 5.8 million year. They were bipedal. They had grasp too. And they have family. Hominins evolved and turned into a human. 

Written by Mariah/Railey

 

Homo Habilis

Homo Habilis lived 2 million years ago. The person the first discovered homo habilis was Mark Leakly. Homo Habilis were flexible and versatile. They were also to eat tough food like leaves and woody plants and they also eat meat by scavenging from animal carcasses. Homo Habilis were the first kind of human to make/use tools. Their family is Hominidae and live in small groups. Homo Habilis inhabited parts of Sub Saharan Africa from roughly 2.4 to 1.5 million years ago. They also have several teeth in the lower jaw and have bipedal with no grasping feet; limiting them to a life on the ground. They are the most ancient representative of the human genus and their brain ranged in size from 550 cm cubed to 687 cm cubed. The tools made by Homo Habilis were made from volcanic rock cobbles. 

Written by Hope

Homo erectus

Homo erectus had Larger brains then the homohabilis. They were the first to leave Africa around 1.5 million years ago, then the homo erectus went into Europe/Asia. Their hands used to look like a foot but then it changed into a hand, then they had Dexterous Fingers which means they can use them. Homo erectus is a Bipedal which means they stand on two long legs. By 800,000 years ago, they used fire to cook food. Homo erectus ate meat and crisp root vegetables, they ate small animals and ate animals many times larger than their own body size, such as elephants, rhinos, buffalo, and giraffes, whereas chimpanzees. Homo erectus is an extinct species of archaic humans from the pleistocene. Homo erectus Height is 1.4 to 1.8m. Their brain size is 550-1,250 cm. They weigh about 41 kg to 65 kg. The homo erectus fossils are found in Africa, Asia and perhaps Europe. Their appearance is human-like body proportions and upright stance, a protruding brow ridge, large face and no chin. 

Written by Michael and Davlyn

Homo neanderthalensis

Homo neanderthalensis lived in southern Europe and Asia. They are commonly called Neanderthals, named after a region in Germany where fossils were found. They existed around 1,000,000 years ago and are often depicted hunting ice age animals such as mammoths. Their height was around 1.7m.  Neanderthals lived alongside early modern humans for at least part of their existence. They had large front teeth; scientists think they used these like a third hand when preparing food and other materials. They lived peacefully and had children with other types of humans. Homo neanderthalensis looked after their sick and buried their dead. They were mammals. Neanderthals could make their own spears and flint handaxes. They used their tools to kill large mammals and eat them. Their skulls were like the same size as homo sapiens; they had a large nose, strong brow bridge. Scientists think that their stocky bodies and wide open nostrils helped them survive colder climates. 

Written by Wesley

Homo sapiens 

Homo sapiens is the scientific name for modern humans. It is the only extant homo species (not extinct). Homo sapiens first migrated from Africa 70-50,000 years ago and lived in Southern Asia and Europe. Males were around 1.7m tall and females around 1.6m tall. They ate meat gathered by killing animals, plants and fungi. They lived at the same time as some Neanderthals, and lived peacefully alongside them, even interbreeding with them. Some modern humans have upto 2% Neanderthal DNA in them.

Ideas and draft by Saia, Kymani and Nitika, rewritten by Miss Ashley.

Over time, humans grew bigger and taller, travelled across continents, learnt to make and use tools/weapons, learnt to cook food, and grew bigger brains.